Comanche language course3/18/2024 When the Comanches arrived on the Southern Plains at the start of the 18th century, they had to fight the Apache (their most challenging enemy) to obtain land. This finally brought the Comanches to their knees, and they reluctantly became the last Native American tribe to submit to life on a reservation. They resisted reservation life until the spring of 1875, when the government declared that any Comanche not living in so-called " Indian Territory" (present-day Oklahoma) would be shot on sight. state in 1845, the Comanches' hostility turned toward the U.S. The Comanches tried to escape, and all twelve of the leaders were killed in what has become the Council House Massacre-one of the most dramatic episodes in the Comanches' struggle to maintain their land. Acting impulsively, the Texans took the Comanches hostage to better their bargaining position. Because each Comanche band was autonomous, however, it was impossible for the Comanches to make this promise. At this meeting, the Texans demanded that the Comanches return all European American captives. In 1840 leaders of twelve Comanche bands went to the council house in San Antonio to try to reach an agreement with the Texas lawmakers, an agreement that would bring hostilities to an end. They were given the job of fighting the Comanches in Comancheria and keeping them out of the settlers' way. In the late 1830s, the Nation of Texas formed a special division of soldiers called the Texas Rangers. The worst fighting occurred in Texas, where the Comanches had the largest land holdings, referred to as Comancheria. The Comanches and European American settlers suffered continuous conflict throughout the 19th century. The unstable treaty was maintained until Texas won its independence in 1836. Due to the autonomy of the different Comanche bands, the southernmost people continued raiding the Spanish pueblos in Texas, believing the treaty did not apply to them since they had not participated in the negotiations. A few of the bands met with the Spanish governor of New Mexico, De Anza, and in 1786 they agreed to peace terms that promised trade and rest to both parties. The tribe was greatly weakened, and they could no longer fight the Spanish. The Spanish had brought smallpox to the New World, however, and many Comanches died in a smallpox epidemic in 1780-1781. Angered by the Spanish desire for dominance, the Comanches often raided Spanish pueblos in New Mexico and Texas. They were eager to convert the Comanches to Catholicism and desperately wanted Comanche land for the mineral wealth it possessed. The Spanish, on the other hand, had very different goals. When the French were defeated by the British in the French and Indian War of 1763, however, many French traders left the continent, and the Comanches lost valuable trading partners. The French traded guns, ammunition, and metal goods such as knives and pots. They had neither religious nor social interests in the area and were, therefore, able to maintain healthy relations with the Comanches. They wanted a strong trading post and a steady source of income from the New World for the king. The French had purely economic interests in the land. There were two main European forces that interacted with the Comanches in the 18th century: the French and the Spanish. Although the five Comanche bands were independent of one another, they often came together to fight a common enemy (as was the case with many battles against the Apaches, who sought to gain land, horses, and captives). The main enemies of the Comanches were the Pawnees, Osages, Arapaho, and Apaches. Once the Comanches had settled into their new home in the Southern Plains, they divided into five major groupings: the Penatekas, who lived the farthest south the Nokohi of the east the Kotsoteka of the north, and the Yamparika to their north and the Quahadi of the west. In this context, the Comanches assumed a new name, either "Koh-Mahts" or "Kwuma-ci," rather than their original "Nerm." The precise meaning of the Ute names are uncertain, but linguists think they mean "one who fights us all the time." The Spanish transformed the Ute words into "Comanche." In the Southern Plains, they met the Utes, who introduced them to Spanish traders. Late in the 17th century, they broke into two bands, and those who would later be known as the Comanches moved south. Originally, the Comanches were part of the Shoshone tribe, who lived in the mountains of what is now northern Wyoming and Montana. LOCATION: United States (Oklahoma Texas) POPULATION: over 19,000 (including those who indicate Comanche and another racial category in the 2000 census) LANGUAGE: English Comanche RELIGION: Native American Church RELATED ARTICLES: Vol.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply.AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |